Antipsychotics for psychotic depression? Not a great idea, according to a new study. Adding an antipsychotic drug to antidepressant treatment increased the risk of death and rehospitalization for people with the psychotic depression diagnosis.
“Our findings do not indicate any advantage of adding antipsychotics as adjunctive to antidepressants as maintenance treatment. Considering the wide use, known side effects, and the current lack of evidence supporting the benefit, further studies on the effect of antipsychotics in the maintenance phase of psychotic unipolar depression are urgently warranted,” the researchers write.
The research was conducted by Ahmed Al-Wandi and Axel Nordenskjöld at Örebro University, Sweden, and Mikael Landén at Gothenberg University and the Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. The study was published in Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.
The researchers note that it is common practice to give antipsychotic drugs (in addition to antidepressants) to those with psychotic depression, and their results bear this out; in their study, twice as many people got combination therapy. Indeed, the American Psychiatric Association guidelines for treatment of psychotic depression list combination therapy as a first-line intervention, along with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Sounds good on the surface, right? If people have “psychosis,” add an “antipsychotic.”
But sometimes things that sound good on the surface are actually harmful. The results speak for themselves: after two years, 42.3% of those in the combination group were either readmitted or died by suicide, while slightly fewer (36.6%) in the antidepressants-alone group met this outcome. That is, adding antipsychotics didn’t help prevent this outcome, it increased the risk.
The researchers used Swedish national registries to identify patients who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of psychotic unipolar depression between 2007 and 2016. There were two groups: 1,419 people received antidepressants alone, while 2,972 people got both antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs.
Because the argument could be made that these results were confounded by other factors, including baseline severity, the researchers controlled for a variety of factors that could have influenced the results. Moreover, the researchers noted that at baseline, the two groups were similar in all ways, except that the antidepressants-alone group was more likely to have received ECT during the initial hospitalization (36.4% versus 26.7%). Therefore, in further analyses, the researchers controlled for ECT, as well as other possible confounds including sex, age, prior admissions, comorbidity, and other pharmacological treatments. This did not change their results.
In terms of specific outcomes, significantly more in the combined treatment group ended up rehospitalized: 41.8% versus 35.9% in the antidepressants-alone group. This puts to rest the notion that antipsychotics prevent relapses. Instead, it seems that they make relapse more likely.
People in the combined group were also more likely to die of any cause (other than suicide): 3.5% versus 2.4% in the antidepressants-alone group. There was no difference in deaths by suicide between the two groups.
In another analysis, the researchers searched for any subgroup of patients for whom combination therapy was actually helpful. They did not find any.
They did, however, learn that for young people (18-30 years old) combination therapy was even more dangerous than for older people. Young people on combination therapy were about twice as likely to reach the main outcome of rehospitalization or death by suicide.
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Al-Wandi, A., Landén, A. M., & Nordenskjöld, A. (2023). Antipsychotics in the maintenance phase for psychotic depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Published online November 6, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13628 (Full Text)
I’m beginning to think adding antipsychotics to anything worsens outcomes.
Short term psychosis: benzos are better according to patients, if anything is used at all.
Long term maintenance: prolongs symptoms, worsens people, causes brain damage/death
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Our most vulnerable loved ones are guinea pigs
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There’s a human pheromone, paternal reward pheromone, it’s the grease on any man’s face. You have to drive off the 74 or so volatiles sticking to it, I do it with dehydration, but I’m not completely sure it works, so there’s a risk of emotionally upsetting people. Get an IRB approval. Take a vehicle that absorbs lipids pretty well. I use ordinary new fresh un-chewed chewing gum, unleavened bred works well, too, and rub it on a healthy man’s face. You are picking up the face grease on his forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, lips, and neck. Dehydrate 95 F for 3 hours. Give it to the schizophrenic or drug addict, anxiety disordered person, personality disordered person, depressed person, attention/hyperactivity/obsessive-compulsive/post-traumatic stess disorders. Give about 10mg a day maximum. Monitor liver function tests. Follow with a half swallow of wine to rinse out the mouth to prevent osculation partners from getting jealous. Basically, it’s holy communion. Works great.
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I was wondering who were able to stay home after breakdown in this study. I have been through a lot of illness and medicine. I have noticed environment plays a big part. Where you live and if your life was made easier. Please do more research.
If nothing improves then you will go to hospital again!! Also you build resistance and must change medicine from time to time. At two years my meds had to change. Illness since 1995.
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“Adding an antipsychotic drug to antidepressant treatment increased the risk of death and rehospitalization for people with the psychotic depression diagnosis.”
Well, as anyone who has actually, honestly, researched into psychopharmacology, with the goal of finding the truth, would know. Since both the antidepressants and antipsychotics are anticholinergic drugs, that can cause anticholinergic toxidrome poisoning … which can make a person “psychotic.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxidrome
Of course, combining the anticholinergic drugs will make people worse.
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Really? Worse outcomes for a depressive illness from drugs that actually depress the central nervous system—who would have thought that might be a problem?
What a novel insight.
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This is was a purely observational study – although an attempt to control for confounding factors was attempted, it was still correlational. To come to the conclusion urged here, it would be necessary to randomly divide treatment groups in “antidepressant only” and “antidepressant + antipsychotic” groups. Why are researchers urging that antipsychotics be withheld unwilling to try such an obvious study?!
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I would argue that the onus is on those urging that antipsychotics be prescribed to prove that the drug is effective, especially when studies like this suggest that they are harmful.
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Also, running a massive RCT with thousands of participants for two entire years would be prohibitive for many obvious reasons, like cost, time, and participant retention. It’s much more feasible to use existing data on 4000+ people followed for two years and factor in all the relevant confounding factors.
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So called antidepressants are bad enough. Adding a major tranquilizer to the mix for someone who is already miserable? Perhaps not surprisingly…
People got worse. Many…especially the younger set…became demonstrably worse in the very ways that the pills are supposed to prevent.
My own personal problem with this study? I highly doubt many psychiatrists will listen. If they do listen it won’t affect their prescribing habits. And so…
Once again the information is available and straightforward. And once again most psychiatrists will continue on as usual because their toxic so called treatments are based more on dogma and current trends than data or anything remotely scientific.
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A person will not understand something they are paid to not understand.
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Good write up. It disarmed most of my usual critiques before I had a chance to make them.
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Peter,
Antipsychotics increase histamine and new research points to histamine as being a critical player in the pathology of depression and a cause of antidepressant nonresponse.
“spikes in brain histamine following stress likely drive neurochemical changes in monoaminergic systems. Indeed, elevated histamine can result in increased activation of H3 heteroreceptors on 5HT terminals in the hippocampus, resulting in blunting of neuronal serotonin release and producing a reduction in extracellular serotonin.”
Inflammation-Induced Histamine Impairs the Capacity of Escitalopram to Increase Hippocampal Extracellular Serotonin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8318079/
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I was put on antipsychotics, and kept on SSRI/SNRIs, after getting a borderline diagnosis at age 40, following ECT for “treatment resistant depression”. The psychiatrist said, “you have borderline personality disorder. That’s why the ECT didn’t work.” He didn’t bother to tell me what borderline personality disorder was or why having it meant the ECT wouldn’t work. He didn’t explain why he couldn’t have diagnosed borderline before doing the ECT and spared my brain. He didn’t bother to explain anything. He just put me on antipsychotics and told me that I needed something called DBT.
I was kept on one antipsychotic or another, as part of the so-called cocktail, for the next 10 years. Every time I objected, I was quickly silenced. Sometimes they said it was because of my anger. “We can’t handle your anger.”
Nobody thought about why I might be angry? Paying a psychiatrist for 6 years who only drugged me and didn’t keep any records? Being abused on a locked psych word while pregnant? Being made to see verbally and financially abusive outpatient therapists? Going broke paying for treatment that only brought me more problems? Being dropped by the psychiatrist I saw in high school who put me on Elavil in my first appointment and then dropped me without notice (or a phone number of somewhere to call if I had trouble) and didn’t even bother to tell me what to do about the Elavil? Begging for help for the next 3 years and only being mocked even when I attempted suicide with the Elavil? Being blamed for everything?
I had one psychiatrist who believed that Abilify fixed the “part of the brain that was broken in people BPD”. I saw her give a presentation at a conference about borderline at an Ivy League medical school where she attested to this “fact”.
Once when I went to see her for a med check, she said she needed to renew my Abilify prescription and asked me what dose I thought helped me the most. I said “I don’t think Abilify helps me at all.
She said, ” I’ve seen you off Abilify. I’m prescribing the highest dose”. Okay, I thought…then why did you ask? Now I know that I had akathisia that whole time — I think that’s what she was seeing and blaming it on me, on “the borderline”.
Everyone in the IOP DBT group was on one antipsychotic or another. Whenever they questioned it during diary card review, or if they admitted on their diary card that they had had an urge to skip their antipsychotic or that they had skipped their antipsychotic, which was a treatment interfering behavior, second in importance only to suicide, they would be humiliated by the clinicians.
“I don’t think I need it. I’m not psychotic. It’s making me ill”. Would be answered with, ” Are you a doctor? Did you go to medical school?”
No wonder psychiatric patients/survivors have so much anger. We were treated like lab rats and then blamed when the experiments done on us made us a bigger problem to people. We always got blamed.
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Kate:
There’s a paper that says that intense stress (first hit) produces vulnerability to depression in some cases (over 40%). Those who were vulnerable developed a depression-like phenotype after a second hit of stress.
The vulnerability to depression resulted from “a persistent state of oxidative stress due to low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which controls the nuclear translocation of the master redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, which activates antioxidant defenses.”
In other words, the antioxidant switch was turned off.
But instead of giving you what you need, they give you drugs that deplete nutrients. Both Elavil and Abilify can deplete coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) which is an antioxidant. Elavil can deplete Vitamin B12 which, along with Folate is needed to be able to recycle homocysteine (which is toxic to neurons) and make SAMe which is needed to manufacture neurotransmitters.
SSRIs can deplete multiple nutrients, so we need to start looking at the things they deplete and how that affects different pathways. Otherwise people will continue being tortured.
So if asked again, “Are you a doctor? Did you go to medical school?” you can say….no, but I know that you don’t give drugs that deplete nutrients to somebody who’s already depleted.
But that is probably not all I would say.
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