Since the advent of the novel coronavirus in the United States in late February, the news media have focused attention on the greater risks of catching the disease at congregate facilities, including prisons and nursing homes, where captive populations living in close quarters facilitate its rapid spread. By late March, a similar crisis among staff and patients at psychiatric hospitals had emerged, with reports of COVID clustersâand even deathsâfound at Western State Hospital near Tacoma, Washington (The Seattle Times, March 26), St. Elizabethâs in Washington, DC (The Washington Post, April 1), four facilities in New Jersey (The Trentonian, April 7), and many other institutions across the country. As of April 16, NBC News reported, nearly 1,500 inpatients of U.S. psychiatric hospitals had been infected; to date, dozens of people living in such facilities have died.
Throughout April, we saw almost daily reports tracking these stories, which pulled back the curtain on negligence, bureaucracy, and overwhelm in the face of an unprecedented situation. These stories told of âa lack of testing, P.P.E., and seclusion protocols [that] were making a difficult taskâmaintaining the safety of a highly vulnerable population and their care workers during a pandemicâvirtually impossibleâ (The New Yorker, April 21). They also explored the unique challenges of trying to prevent and treat a highly contagious disease among the âseriously mentally illâ in a setting where the standard treatment is the provision of mind-altering drugs combined with group activities.
These accounts of the struggles to fight COVID in psych hospitals were solidly reported and often sympathetic. But too often, such stories attributed the difficulty in protecting patients and staff to those patientsâ illnesses. Described as disoriented, self-destructive, and sometimes violent, this population was said to be unable and/or unwilling to comply with safety practices such as social distancing, mask-wearing, and handwashing. Moreover, it was reported that the traditional inpatient treatment model said to be necessary to help this population is at odds with whatâs needed to stop the virusâ spread at these facilities, creating a double-bind.
This coverage revealed many assumptions about both residents of psych hospitals and the institutions themselves. In their coverage, the media missed two opportunities: to challenge stereotypes about patients in psychiatric hospitals, and to interrogate problems with current carceral approaches to mental health treatment that the COVID crisis has brought into relief.
Problematic Patients
All of the articles studied during this period point to patient âcrazinessâ as a significant factor in facilitiesâ difficulties controlling the spread of disease. Seldom represented as sources in these reports, the residents and their
behaviors, attitudes, capacities, and needs were typically described by mental health professionals. Reporters quoted or paraphrased hospital nurses, social workers, administrators, and psychiatrists along with outside âexpertsâ who presented inpatients not only as helpless victims but also as unwitting perpetrators of the diseaseâs spreadâobstacles to the type of interventions that could help save their own and workersâ lives.
This trend was encapsulated in an NBC News story (April 17). âCoronavirus in a psychiatric hospital: ‘It’s the worst of all worlds’â spotlighted the grim statistics and institutional mismanagement in its report on the growing COVID burden at Western State Hospital. It explained that âsocial distancing in a psychiatric facility is easier said than doneâ and quotes Dr. Jeffrey Lieberman, chair of Columbia Universityâs psychiatry department as to why:
“People in for severe depression and suicide ⌠may be so despondent and intent on ending their life that they might not care about the consequencesâŚ.The more common situation is someone is in the hospital because of a psychotic disorderâŚ. They’re literally out of their mind. They’re not necessarily coherent, they’re not necessarily rational, and they’re not necessarily able to follow directions.” (Italics added.)
An Associated Press story on Western State, published in both ABC News (April 28) and The Lewiston Tribune (April 29), states: âAt the Washington hospital, most patients are severely mentally ill. They’re either a danger to themselves or others or have committed a crime and are being treated to restore their mental competency to face charges. Some are old and many have compromised immune systems because of their medications, putting them at greater risk if they catch the virus. But they aren’t inclined to wear masks or take other precautions.â
It goes on, ââIf you give patients Purell, theyâll drink it,â said Ben LaLiberte, a forensic evaluator. Masks could be used to choke so are distributed carefully and usually ignored.â
Thatâs because, according to The New Yorker, âThe very illness that brings [patients] to a psychiatric hospital may make it harder for them to follow hygiene, self-distancing, and other preventive guidelines, which increases the risk to them and everyone around them.â
Similarly, Newsday (April 27), reporting on the rash of patient COVID deaths at Pilgrim Psychiatric Center and 22 other mental health facilities around New York State, quotes academic psychiatrist Dinah Miller: âPatients who are very ill with psychiatric disorders may resist hygiene measures, and they may intrude on the personal space of others.â
The Trentonianâs April 7 story even seemed to attribute a deceased patient’s death to these poor health habits. In discussing the scandal, it focused on an anonymous source’s characterization:
âThe sources identified the patient as Ed Gorecki, saying he was schizophrenic, but had no known criminal history, and had been at Trenton Psych for as long as decades.
âIf anyone would be killed by virus, I would think he would be a prime candidate,â according to a former stafferâŚÂ âHe was a heavy smoker for years and years and years,â the ex-staffer said. “
Blame was even reflected in the headline: âNJ health officials: Four patients dead, dozens sickened by COVID-19 at psych hospitals, Trenton patient remembered as ‘chain smoker.’â
In particular, stories portrayed psych hospital residents as aggressive, their hostile and unpredictable actions threatening caregivers’ safety. Newsday noted: âOfficials say staff often face resistance from patients who can become combative when forced to wear masks, to safely handle sanitizer, and to adhere to other precautions against the spread of the virus in densely populated facilities behind locked doors.â
And two different outlets (Newsday and The Seattle Times, April 14) again quoted psychiatrist Dinah Miller, who averred, âSome patients on an acute psychiatric unit may be agitated, uncooperative, or even violent, and itâs not hard to imagine the distress of anyone who has a patient spit on them as weâre all trying to remember not to shake hands.â
Summed up a beleaguered worker to CBS News (April 20): âI think we have it worse than a traditional hospital because our patients can at any given time become violent. You know, we have patients that don’t understand or grasp of coughing into your arm or sneezing into your arm.”
Such was the stereotyped depiction of hospitalized patients. It was a one-size-fits-all presentation of this population, as though most residents of psych hospitals are âout of their mindsâ and aggressive.
A Threat to Psychiatry?
According to the news media, gaining cooperation from uncomprehending, hostile patients wasnât the only challenge for psych hospitals lacking resources and precedent to deal with the COVID crisis. So were the dramatic changes to standard operating procedures that facilities would have to implement to prevent resident-to-resident virus transmission. These include quarantining the sick, keeping them in their rooms, and eliminating group activities.
As The New York Timesâ April 12 story on the many cases and deaths at New Yorkâs Rockland and Pilgrim state hospitals explained, âPsychiatric hospitals present special challenges to the strictures of social distancing, since many patients are allowed to come and go in and out of the center,â to different parts of the campus, âand once inside they are not cloistered.â
Yet according to the sources interviewed in these pieces, efforts to segregate people are not whatâs best for them. Here, as NBC News put it, mental health and physical health are âcompeting interestsâ:
âBoth hospital management and workers [at Western State] expressed concern that precautions due to COVID-19 may disrupt treatment of mental illness.⌠in mental hospitals, isolation can be dangerous, far more than in college dorms or other institutions where people live in groups. Social interaction is not a luxury; it is a therapy and it helps save lives.â
The piece portrays a pleasant routine of âcommunal breakfast, possibly followed by gardening, book club or music,â where residents âattend group therapy and classes at the âtreatment mallâ and eagerly await visits from loved ones.â Now, âAlmost all of that is gone or significantly changed. Group therapy and classes have been canceled, and there is a push for therapy by video chat and the discharge of patients.â
This aspect of the reportage, in contrast, portrays the hospitals as true asylums filled with âlonely, confused patients who often can’t communicate symptoms and can’t do without the daily socializing and group treatment that is the bedrock of their care,â as Newsday put it. These poor souls rely on the treatment and security they find there, it was reported. According to the anonymous staffer quoted in The Trentonian, “I know the hospital tried to discharge [the patient who died of COVID] multiple times, and he didnât want to go. That was his home.â
However, the worry about changes to hospital routine seems to center as much on the threat to institutional norms as to staff and patient safety. As The New Yorker notes, âThe coronavirus, and the public-health measures undertaken to slow its spread, is particularly hostile to psychiatric care.â In their April 27 op-ed in The Hill, psychiatrists Brian Barnett and Jack Turban write:
âThough often out of sight and out of mind, psychiatric facilities are essential to our nationâs emotional wellbeing. While coronavirus has shuttered many institutions, they donât have the option of closing their doors, even temporarily.â
To reinforce this notion, Barnett later published an op-ed in New York Daily News on the threat the coronavirus poses to forced commitment.
Missing Perspectives
Just as recent headlines about police violence have prompted a societal rethinking of law enforcement, the pandemic offers the media an opportunity to move beyond one-dimensional images of paranoid and delusional psychiatric patients prone to snap at any minute. While violence on state hospital wards is well-documented and dangerous, not every resident is incorrigible, or even âseverely mentally ill.â People are admitted for many reasons, including a lack of beds in regular hospital wings for people who present at ERs for short-term crises, and to be assessed for culpability when charged with a crime (as some news outlets pointed out). A person can be involuntarily committed if a doctor or judge decides that a person is âat risk of harm to self or othersââa status with no objective criteria. Thus, psych hospital residentsâ capacity for self-control and self-awareness varies by individual; many are coherent and also wish to steer clear of aggressive peers.
Indeed, research on violence in mental institutions has found that the vast majority of violent incidents are initiated by a few individuals (usually younger, male, and with a history of violence). Other research, from the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Institute, concluded that hospital policies and proactive, one-on-one measures by staff can prevent violence by identifying early warning signs and de-escalating conflicts.
An Oppressive Environment
The press also failed to question the norms and possible harms of carceral treatment for âmental illness.â For example, might these psychiatric facilities aggravate or even create some of the problematic patient behavior experts say interferes with fighting COVID? What might be safer, more therapeutic alternatives?
While professionals quoted in these stories speak of the value of social connection in a psych-hospital setting, locked wards and state hospitals are by definition isolated from the rest of society. Moreover, many psych hospital residents are involuntarily committed and medicated against their will. Demoralizing and terrifying procedures including seclusion and restraint and forced injections are used to âmanageâ unruly or agitated individuals. And while they may gain grounds privileges, inpatients are forbidden to leave (getting discharged often requires facing a tribunal).
While recent articlesâ descriptions of art therapy and opportunities for socializing reassure the public that psych hospitals are supportive and benign environments, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on Torture this year presented a special report to that body’s Human Rights Council, which concludes that “Involuntary psychiatric interventions based on ‘medical necessity’ or ‘best interests’ may well amount to torture.”
All told, patients are rarely considered partners in their own treatment; they are to follow a care plan created by doctors and enforced by staff. In such institutions, is it surprising that residents might be uncooperative or even vehemently resistantâespecially in the face of a frightening illness about which even experts know relatively little?
The Role of Drugs
Another question unexplored by the press: How much of the problem of dealing with the virus and gaining patient cooperation is due to the psychiatric drugs residents are inevitably prescribed and urged (or forced) to take? Medications for âsevere mental illness,â like neuroleptics and antidepressants, can be very sedating. They can also serve to make someone more docile. As The New Yorkerâs piece drily noted, âIf dysregulation is getting in the way of being able to persuade the patient to observe social distancing, then itâs the doctorâs job to find the right medication until he can have a successful conversation.â Theoretically, we would expect these patients to be stabilized enough to participate in vital hygiene practices.
Too often, the opposite is true. As numerous studies and those with lived experience report, psychiatric medications can trigger aggression and akathisia, an intense inner agitation that is associated with an increase in homicidal and suicidal behavior. A 2015 literature review documented numerous cases of âtreatment-emergent violenceâ due to adverse drug reactions. The book Medication Madness by psychiatrist Peter Breggin traces cases of homicide, suicide, and other violent crimes to these toxic reactions.
If heavily medicated people are unable to govern their own actions and self-care or to be controlled by mental health professionals, what does it say about such drugsâ effectiveness in these settings?
Unheard Voices
What do psych hospital residents themselves think and feel about a deadly disease on the wards, how these facilities are handling it, and the changes to their treatment? Whom or what do they blame or credit? Itâs hard to know: With few exceptions (including Rolling Stoneâs April 13 piece), we never hear from them in these stories. Reporters seem not to have sought the input of those living within hospital walls (or perhaps were not permitted to solicit interviews). Instead, the patientsâ reality was defined by others.
Talking to current and former residents tells a different (or at least more nuanced) story about patient awareness, competence, and preferences. In a June 20 article, Healthline quotes from interviews with several recent psych hospital inpatients who maintained “the quality of care was subpar and COVID-19 precautions were not taken.” Lindsay Romain, hospitalized in Austin, Texas, recalled that “They mostly just medicated us and then left us alone until meal times. It was pretty traumatizing.” One of her big concerns, Healthline reported, was âthat there was no discussion whatsoever of COVID-19 or the protests that had just started that week, and how that might have been affecting mental health situations.â
Moreover, while most of the mainstream press revealed how little was being done to protect workers and patients at many hospitals, only a few outlets reported that some current residentsâfar from resisting COVID safety precautionsâare demanding government action to get it. Responding to the rapid sweep of the disease through such facilities, residents in Connecticut and the District of Columbia have mounted lawsuits self-advocating for measures to ensure their safety in the hospitals where they are, essentially, held captive.
As WAMU reported (April 16), the four plaintiffs from St. Elizabethâs in Washington, DC claim that âthe city-owned hospital is putting patients at risk for contracting the coronavirus by not isolating people who have symptoms. They also argue that it is impossible for patients to follow social distancing and allege that patients with the disease are not given adequate careâ or protective equipment. And as Mad in America reported recently, former residents of Massachusettsâs public hospitals have been campaigning to hold the stateâs Department of Mental Health accountable for its inadequate response to the pandemic at these institutions.
Moving Toward Alternatives
Moreover, both professionals and people with lived experience are working to find appropriate alternatives to standard care during the pandemic. For example, as the Tacoma News Tribune reported on April 5, disability-rights advocates aim to reduce the number of civilly-committed patients using ânon-traditional methods.â Those include arranging for early discharge, transfer into community settings such as assisted living, and release back to their own families. In this way, the activists hoped to âreduce the population of both hospitals right away in order to most effectively protect staff and patients from COVID-19.â
These requests align with recommendations by the authors of an April 2020 article in the journal Psychiatric Services, which states:
âPatients who develop COVID-19 symptoms should be monitored closely for imminent risk of suicide, homicide, and grave disability. If the patient is considered psychiatrically stable, he or she should be discharged to outpatient care and self-quarantine. Additional considerations should be made regarding the threshold for hospitalization. Psychiatric hospitalizations that are not absolutely necessary for acute safety concerns should be minimized.â
Efforts are also emerging to vector people in mental health crisis away from being admitted into congregate âcareâ in the first place. Healthline cited the work of psychiatrist Dr. Scott Zeller on building “better psychiatric units that are truly rehabilitative.” According to Zeller, “it has long been recognized that the standard ED setting may actually exacerbate the symptoms of a psychiatric crisis.” So he “is working double time to make emPATH [emergency psychiatric assessment, treatment, and healing] unitsâwhich are more calming, supportive settings with trained psychiatric personnelâa reality, and would also prioritize patients’ safety needs around COVID-19.” With such proactive interventions, he maintains, “the vast majority of psychiatric emergencies can be resolved in less than 24 hours.”
Even in current settings, measures for protecting residents (and staff) from infection with the virus are possible. In an email interview, Mad in America talked with Katy M., 20, an inpatient at the public Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital in Massachusetts. (Founded on a patient-centered, community-like model, the facility recently tightened restrictions after local media reported on street-drug overdoses and assaults by forensic patients there.) She has resided at WRCH for the past nine months, after being sectioned last year for suicidality.
According to Katy, the hospital has had only a few COVID cases and no deaths, thanks in part to a quarantine ward with workers in âfull protective gear,â a step-down ward, and PPE-clad staff in every unit. Patients are tested upon admission, given and encouraged to wear masks when outside their single rooms, and have access to hand sanitizer, she says. Residents may not go in each othersâ roomsâalthough masked, socially distanced visitors are now allowed at the hospital.
In Katyâs observation, patientsâ response to the pandemic has varied, but she says forgetfulness is more common than resistance. âWe’ve had some patients who are scared, some who aren’t, some who think it’s cool to wear masks, and some who couldn’t care less. I think most people are extremely bored as there’s nothing to do.â She adds, âI wish people would know that we’re not all violent, and even if we are, that’s not the only thing about us and that many of us can and will go on to live productive, successful lives.â
At press time, the COVID crisis showed no sign of abating at psychiatric hospitals, as this July 3 article from ABC affiliate KSAT demonstrates. As this story continues to evolve, journalists should take this opportunity to explore the broader human-rights (and common sense) issues it raises about institutionalization.
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MIA Reports are supported, in part, by a grant from the Open Society Foundations
Thanks Miranda,
Thank you to all the journalists that simply ask a shrink as to what is going on. That is real investigative journalism and as such, must be the truth. Kudos to those journalists for being a huge part of the abuse and lies that are going on. Now go home and isolate. And pray that you never catch that “severe mental illness”, that you never inquired about. Or the “theraputic drugs” or the “theraputic therapies”.
A shrink would be correct in saying that people do not know how to look after themselves after receiving their chemicals. And that is where journalism failed all the lucky “severely mentally ill”.
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I realize my comments might be considered or “labeled” as “destructive” rather than “constructive”. Comments like mine after all, tend to “shut down conversation”.
And exactly how long should we “complain” in a “constructive” manner? Does anyone here see the futility in this? But sure, we can all say that we brought “light” to a “plight” and indeed that is a good thing. But that will go on indefinitely because of the power we are up against. So we’ve been informed many times over of what really transpires in psych wards. It is time to at least in the minimum try to take back power. And it seems that the only way to do that is to not be “severely or “slightly” “mentally ill”.
Psychiatry will not stop telling lies, that is a guarantee. And journalists will keep repeating the lies. It seems so far we had one journalist that decided he would investigate.
Now we need a few journalists to start questioning WHAT IS “mental illness”? We might need a few philosophers, astronomers and X psychiatrists to join in planting seeds.
Then we can perhaps start all over, but certainly not starting with the topic of “mental illness”. Some religions have to be called out for their cult driven agendas and it takes a shitload of Deprogramming. That deprogramming can be difficult because it is the hard road. It is painful to have uncertainty.
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Yep. The whole concept itself is very elastic.
On the one hand you have the trope of the helpless “mentally ill.” The poor Village Idiot who wanders the street muttering to himself and is mentally a five-year-old.
On the other you have the trope of the “psycho killer.” The EVIL madman–sometimes with fits of brilliance in finding ways to do random acts of evil. Such as Hannibal Lector or Norman Bates. The scary creeper society needs protection from.
Psychiatrists use the second trope in calls to action against mass shootings and the first when trying to sound compassionate. They flip flop between calling a “case” or human being “cognitively impaired” regardless of how coherently the “case” can defend herself/himself. And warning the public of how dangerously “unstable” this person will be if they don’t have their way with them.
This two fold approach is useful for those who can’t see through it. By calling the person evil the psychiatrist alienates them from everyone–rendering the non-labeled more agreeable to subject the former friend or loved one to dubious treatments that cause obvious suffering. And depicting the person as incompetent and dumb makes the psychiatrist look benevolent and humane. Rendering him more trustworthy so family members feel safe delivering the relative into his allegedly tender mercies.
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Great comment Rachel. And bang on.
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It is shameful that the âmental healthâ industry and media propagate that all so called âmentally illâ are violent, when the truth is the vast majority of those stigmatized with the DSM disorders are child abuse survivors. In other words, they are victims of crimes, not perpetrators of crimes.
https://www.madinamerica.com/2016/04/heal-for-life/
âThe vast majority of psychiatric emergencies can be resolved in 24 hours.â
So is that an admission that the âinvalidâ DSM disorders are not âlifelong incurable geneticâ mental illnesses?
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Yes, but without depicting all the “severely mentally ill” as dangerous they couldn’t readily turn them into cash cows to milk–uh, I mean get them the Treatment they need. đ
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I think there is certainly something to be said for how the Mental Health Care Act seems to prevent proper Triage and diagnosis of other factors that may be the culprit behind Altered States of Minds.
In my example for instance: having gotten caught in the crosshairs of an 80 plus gallon application of Round- Up at a neighboring State Trout Hatchery.
I was not triaged for poisoning to the best of my knowldege.
When I was attacked by the guards and nurses for looking around the hospital ward fearfully.
I was then spitmasked- injected with I don’t know what, and tranferred to a psychiatric hospital I don’t remember waking into until some 48 hours later- still feeling the full effects of my fight or flight reaction.
It took me two weeks of asking to discover that I had been supposably tested for the Coronavirus before admittal there.
I was not examined for the rapidly growing ulcerations in my mouth. Not until being inside the psyche ward where I pointed them out to a Doctor in the hopes that they might validate my concern my altered behavior was due to a seizure.
I requested repeatedly to be examined with an EEG and with a toxicological examination.
I learned these tests are simply not performed prior to or during hospitalization.
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This is one of the most extreme dangers (of many) regarding the idea of DSM “diagnoses.” Once they decide on a psych label, they stop looking, as if the label somehow explains anything relating to WHY you are having these difficulties. The book itself says it makes no representations as to cause, and yet, once that label comes down, they think they “know” all about it and stop looking for anything else. It is incredibly destructive, as you unfortunately now know from direct experience!
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I know from direct experience twice and thrice now. 3 times I have been hospitalised and without them ruling out other causes I become transferred to a psyche ward with no option of receiving the medical care I would desire.
Is there anyone in Washington state who can help direct find a lawyer or provide me any support while I try to recover from the damage I feel is being done to my functional brain?
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âIf you give patients Purell, theyâll drink it”…this is the exact type of sentiment I experienced when I first got mental health therapy voluntarily in my mid twenties for anxiety. I experienced a therapist who thought mental patients would eat their hair rather then get it done. It is just so wrong because it is not the norm for all experiencing mental health symptoms. It was beyond mind warping and anxiety inducing being under the care of someone like that who assumed that of anyone with a mental health label. I ended up dropping the therapist and found someone else.
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Thank you, Miranda, for shining a light on how the mainstream media spins stories about psychiatric and institutional care to present a false illusion of, well, care for the so-called âmentally illâ. The caricatures of violent patients are particularly egregious. Sadly, they havenât done a much better job with the prison or police brutality topics either, and the myopic view of the âviolent criminalâ continues to perpetuate those systems as well.
One neednât support Trump or the GOP to see why the cries of âfake newsâ have been so popular. MIA continues to be an important source of information about psychiatry in the alternative media, and I hope as an institution it never sinks to the level of the Pulitzer winning organizations who so blatantly propagandize the American public.
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As a person who only 2 weeks ago managed to get out of an accute care facility, I will state that the writings in this article are true. It is a shame that this article is not being published as a headline in a national newsletter.
My recent experience of incarceration in a mental health facility led me to write the governor of my state to request he oversee and implement rules to ensure that patients were provided with and encouraged to use face masks -which we were not.
At the worst point in my time there, my lawyer revealed to me that I was issued a 90 day pettition for inpatient treatment and might be transferred to Western State.
I have only just learned through the reading of this article that Covid -19 is there in that hospital I may have been interred in if I had not capitulated to the threat and agreed to gratefully accept dismissal from the hospital on a least restrictive outpatient order. Rather than being entitled to a speedy trial by jury I was warned that trial by jury could take months. Particularly due to the pandemic.
My compulsion to write a letter and have it sent to the states Governor- a letter that took over one week to attempt to have mailed because; the workers at the hospital became fearful when they chose to read the headliner- so much so they forgot where the envelopes were stored, and could not remember how to use a copy machine, and it fell out of their capacity to discover the mailing adress for the governors office,- my writing of letters was considered bad behavior in that institution.
I was even told so by the prescribing psychiatrist during our last meeting at which point I requested a second opinion to which I was prescribed an anti- convulsant drug under the guise of being a mood stabilizer.
This retaliation left me even more fearful for my life and preservation of mind that I had felt before- which was compounded by the issuance of pettition for 90 day inpatient treatment further compounded by my provided attorney suggesting I was on a course for interment at western state- has left me with a shadow of shock and disbelief at these supposed mental health treatment facilities.
I am currently looking for support. Is anyone at MIA willing to connect with me and provide me with information or support with which I may be able to raise a lawsuit against the prescribers and captors and torturors who may have very nearly caused my death?
I have a lot of insight with which to delve into conversation about this subject with. I filed multitudes of grievance forms and had copies made. I kept a journal of my time there and have made a journal of my thoughts since releasal.
Please get in touch with me if you are capable of providing me with support – legal or otherwise.
[email protected]
-Sammy
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Thank you for sharing your story, Sammy. I wish I had good advice or referrals for you — it seems that most lawyers shy away from psychiatric abuse cases. You may wish to contact the people mentioned in the lawsuits I discussed, who perhaps can offer advice and referrals.
If you wish to share your story in more detail for publication here at Mad in America, you can email me at [email protected].
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Thank you Miranda. I will try to do that.
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