International Research Team Proposes a New Taxonomy of Mental Disorders

New data interpreted to suggest a hierarchical, dimensional system of mental disorders will aid future research efforts and improve mental health care.

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A review article published recently in Perspectives on Psychological Science highlights ongoing efforts of an international team of researchers who have developed a new taxonomy of mental disorders they hope will replace traditional ones like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM). This new model, named the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), offers a new approach to thinking about mental health and distress at a time when general confidence in the DSM is on the decline.

In charting criteria for diagnoses on various dimensional scales, differentiating them by degrees of magnitude rather than type, HiTOP joins a growing list of alternative frameworks that seek to transcend the DSM’s emphasis on categorical (discrete) diagnoses. According to the authors of the paper, led by Christopher Conway, an Assistant Professor in Psychological Science at the College of William & Mary:

“Categorical diagnoses—such as those codified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)—pose several well-documented barriers to discovering the nature and origins of psychopathology, including pervasive comorbidity, low symptom specificity, marked diagnostic heterogeneity, and poor reliability.”

These authors go on to explain how “the field trials for the fifth edition of the DSM . . . found that approximately 40% of diagnoses examined did not reach the cutoff for acceptable interrater agreement.” Such concerns about the DSM have been echoed by a growing range of other groups, with some arguing for a more empirically-informed medical model of psychopathology and others stressing the importance of remaining sensitive to the array psychosocial, professional, and practical realities underpinning mental health care.

Spectra of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology. Note: Dashed lines indicate elements of the model that were included on provisional basis and require more study. Disorders with most prominent cross-loadings are listed in multiple places. Minus sign indicates negative association between histrionic personality and detachment spectrum. (apa.org)

Conway and his team contrast HiTOP with another new system that has been proposed as a potential alternative the DSM called the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), created by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Here, various domains of human functioning are charted on five dimensions (i.e., positive valence systems, negative valence systems, cognitive systems, social systems, and arousal/regulatory systems). The overarching goal of RDoC, however, is to ground all patterns of psychological distress in the neural circuitry of the brain, reducing other contributing factors of mental health to neurological mechanisms.

At the basis of HiTOP, on the other hand, are clusters of phenotypic traits (referred to as p-factors) that, according to Conway and colleagues, can help “dissect brain structure and function quantitatively, facilitating the discovery of features that are common to many or all of the common mental disorders, those that are particular to specific spectra and syndromes, and those that underlie key transdiagnostic symptom.”

This capacity to work across existing diagnostic categories to map possible causal relations hierarchically—integrating super-spectra, spectra, syndromes, and symptoms or personal traits (in descending order)—is one of the distinguishing factors underscored between HiTOP and other alternative taxonomies, like RDoC.

In these ways, HiTOP is presented as a continuously evolving framework for organizing research about mental health in practically valuable ways. According to Conway’s research team, not only should HiTOP extend current theories by tethering research across disciplines, but because it classifies criteria for diagnostic categories at multiple levels of hierarchical arrangement, it is likewise better equipped to inform clinical decision-making processes than other emerging classification systems. HiTOP is positioned as a potential link between RDoC’s findings on neural mechanisms to the clusters of symptoms described in conventional taxonomies like the DSM.

Overall, Conway and colleagues express little reservation about HiTOP’s ability to “transform research practices for the better and accelerate theory development across diverse areas of psychological science.” As far as they are concerned, the transdiagnostic functions of its various dimensions render it uniquely situated for immediate application to clinical problems.

Yet, they likewise admit that “validation studies to date have been mostly limited to the spectrum level,” suggesting that “longitudinal research . . . in diverse samples” is necessary to confirm empirically sound relations between other dimensions of the HiTOP system.  

Moreover, although the authors cite research supporting the “invariance of [HiTOP’s] internalizing and externalizing spectra across gender, developmental stages, and various racial, ethnic, and cultural groups,” they caution that other dimensions of the system must become more refined through data collected on new populations across diverse social contexts. And yet, it remains to be seen how well HiTOP will satisfy various heuristic purposes the DSM serves for social institutions in which it is used, which can range from satisfying insurance billing requirements to granting access to existing social programs.

The HiTOP system offers a unique approach to thinking about categories of mental disorder in relation to the increasing amounts of data collected across biological, psychological, and social scales of reality. However, there are important ethical and conceptual limitations to consider regarding how rubrics like HiTOP draw on data to inform treatment without including explicit feedback from service users.

As with so many taxonomies of mental disorder, what constitutes a symptom as opposed to any other type of behavior cannot be determined by the system itself. Instead, such a determination is usually made by the professionals using the system—making this line a reflection of sociocultural, professional, and moral norms of service providers and the power through which such norms are maintained. While other new models, like the Power Threat Meaning framework, have been proposed to address such concerns directly, Conway et al. do not discuss them as being relevant to their purposes.        

 

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Conway, C. C., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Fried, E. I., Hallquist, M. N., Kotov, R., … Eaton, N. R. (2019). A Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology Can Transform Mental Health Research. Perspectives on Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618810696

14 COMMENTS

  1. And how is this going to work with “mental” ailments that have an obvious physical origin like post partum depression and/or psychosis, which are brought on by excessive serum copper at the end of pregnancy and have the same B6+Zinc treatment? Or ADHD, which can be brought on by subclinical lead poisoning (which none of our child psychiatrists ever think of)?

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  2. Screw your new psychopathology labels.

    Individual responses to trauma are not pathological. The people doing the traumatizing are the ones whose pathology needs to be addressed. The victims need restorative justice. All research that doesn’t address these two things is victim blaming and useless waste of time and money.

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  3. Okay, somebody is, or some bodies are, out to draft a ‘dead sea scroll’ for the DSM of the future. Since when is psychopathologizing not medicalizing, and since when are either not slander. There might be something to neuropathology if it weren’t mostly psychopathologizing. Psychopathology is not pathology, psychopathology is moralizing masquerading as medicine. They know they have a problem, people know the DSM is bunk, but will their extension of the bunkery go over? Stay tuned. De-bunkery has still not made the kind of a dent that it should, but just imagine, and here it comes…The maiden voyage of the Titanic.

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    • “Psychopathology is not pathology, psychopathology is moralizing masquerading as medicine.”

      The very act of calling some moods, behaviors, thoughts, etc as “maladaptive” would be hilarious if it wasn’t so farcical. (LOL) Abused animals act in the same ways that abused humans do. It is ADAPTIVE not maladaptive. It is exactly as the mammalian human animal evolved to respond to repeated real and perceived threats. Higher order thinking can only do so much to protect the animal from harm it cannot escape. We must fight back as surely and determinedly as we would were we caught in a fire or at threat from drowning because the harm is becoming more consuming as time moves forward, not less.

      ““We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by the oppressed.”

      — MLK ‘Letter From Birmingham Jail,’ April 16, 1963””

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  4. The only model you should be using to understand how the mind works is the psyche model. Psych-ology is a study of the psyche, the Greek word for mind, soul, and spirit. If you’re looking for a new system and model to replace the DSM, use The Map of the Psyche: The Truth of Mental Illness.

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