Making the Case Against Antidepressants in Parliament

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On Wednesday, May 11, there will be an inquiry by a work group in the U.K.’s Parliament into whether increases in the prescribing of antidepressants are fueling a marked increase in disability due to anxiety and depression in the U.K.  I wrote about a similar rise in disability in the United States in Anatomy of an Epidemic, and the All Party Group for Prescribed Drug Dependence, which is the Parliamentary group that organized the debate, asked me to present the case against antidepressants.

I don’t now where this will lead, but it is encouraging to see this debate rising to the level of a work group in Parliament.

The effort to organize this session was led by Luke Montagu, whose father is a member of the House of Lords. He has publicly told of his having been incapacitated by psychiatric drugs and their withdrawal effects, with his entry into the world of psychiatry coming when he was prescribed Prozac after having a bad reaction to a sinus operation. Together with James Davies, a psychotherapist and medical anthropologist who authored Cracked (a really good “critical psychiatry” book), he created the Council for Evidence Based Psychiatry in the United Kingdom. As the name suggests, they believe that a close examination of the scientific literature reveals that psychiatric drugs, on the whole, do more harm than good, and that the use of these drugs needs to be rethought.

For me, the invitation to present to the work group provided a nice opportunity to update the case against antidepressants that I made in Anatomy of an Epidemic. The slides that I will present on Wednesday are attached here.

The data, I believe, are stronger than ever. You see a correlation between rising antidepressant usage and rising disability rates in country after country, with mood disorders the primary culprit. In the United States, for instance, the number of adults on disability due to mood disorders has risen from around 425,000 in 1994 to nearly 2.1 million in 2013. During this period, the percentage of the population taking an antidepressant quadrupled, from 2% to 8% (slide 3).

Slide 3

In Anatomy, I wrote of evidence that antidepressants increase the chronicity of depression, and how they also increase the risk that a person with unipolar depression will have a manic episode and convert to bipolar. While doing this presentation for this Parliamentary session, I found some additional evidence of these two risks.

First, there are a number of studies that show that depressed patients treated with antidepressants are roughly twice as likely to be depressed at the end of one year as those who don’t take the medications. And now look at slide 26: This WHO study captured the “Prozac Poop-out” factor. After three months, the medicated patients had a slightly greater reduction in their symptoms than the unmedicated group. But the medicated group stopped getting better at that point, whereas the unmedicated group continued to improve. The path to chronicity shows up in the time course of that study.


Slide 26

Second, Minnesota publishes an annual “Health Care Quality Report,” detailing outcomes in that state for patients with various illnesses. Look at slide 18. Year after year, the outcomes for depressed patients are the same. Only about 5% of depressed patients recover during the year; another 10% or so may improve but not remit; and the remaining 85% remain depressed. These findings powerfully capture how medicated depression runs a chronic course (whereas in the pre-antidepressant era, only about 15% to 20% of depressed patients had a chronic course.)

Slide 18

Third, Yale investigators conducted a large study of nearly 88,000 people initially diagnosed with anxiety or a non-bipolar mood disorder, and then reported on the number who converted to a bipolar diagnosis, with the rate of conversion assessed according to whether they were prescribed an antidepressant. The conversion rate, over a mean follow-up time of only 41 weeks, was more than twice as high for the group treated with an antidepressant. The investigators calculated a NNH of 23—number needed to harm—for those 15 to 29 years of age, which means that for every 23 people treated with an antidepressant, one additional person with “bipolar” is created. (Slide 36.)

Slide 3

Slide 36

Next, you find that the rate of bipolar diagnoses among adults nearly doubled from 1994 to 2003, during a period of soaring use of antidepressants. Together, these findings provide a clear causal connection: as societies increase their use of antidepressants, they can expect a marked increase in the number of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder. (Slide 37.)

Slide 37

Finally, I put together a chart that shows increased treatment of mood disorders, during a time —1991 to 2002 — when the prevalence of those mood disorders remained the same, led to a dramatic rise in disability due to such ailments. During that 11-year period, the percentage of people with such disorders who received treatment rose from 20.3% to 32.7%, and lo and behold, the number of adults on disability due to mood disorders rose from an estimated 292,000 in 1991 to 940,000. The disability rate for people with mood disorders rose from 1 in 188 to 1 in 69. Treatment increases the risk that a person with a mood disorder will end up on disability. (Slide 43.)

Slide 43

At the meeting, after I make this “case against antidepressants,” there will be a brief talk by Paul Brett, who has lived experience of this type, and then there will be a panel discussion, which will be moderated by Peter Kinderman, president of the British Psychological Society. The panel members include Joanne Moncrieff, who has published papers on the rise of both antidepressants and of disability in the UK, and Sami Timimi, both of whom are known to MIA readers. Allan Young, chair of psychopharmacology for the Royal College of Psychiatrists, is expected to provide a rebuttal.

The goal of the meeting is for the All Party Group for Prescribed Drug Dependence to set an agenda for investigating this public health concern in greater depth, and for crafting a response to it as well.

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41 COMMENTS

  1. I am interested in what Allan Young has to say.

    I have never heard anyone rebut the arguments on the dangers and ineffectiveness of anti-depressants with anything approaching scientific rigour.

    Would you be able to post the gist of his argument here?

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  2. Good, Maybe the UK will listen.

    I am thinking about that kid I was with in the treatment center who they gave Wellbutrin sitting in the chair in from of the nurses station rocking back and forth in the chair all messed up from it complaining how it made him feel sick and “speeded out”.

    Forget about what happened to me, all I know is I wouldn’t participate in this website or any of this if I didn’t personally witness so much harm and so little good.

    The big thing now is opiate addiction but what the TV and newspapers don’t point out that most of these young people addicted were psych drug kids pushed onto Ritalin or maybe Paxil or what ever they were pushing at the time the school counselor diverted them into psychiatric treatment.

    I have heard so many stories from people in addiction recovery of psychiatry robbing childhoods . First they gave me this pill and that pill that made me feel wacked out, then they said I was bipolar… Heard that so many times.

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  3. These efforts to treat a syndrome with numerous causes with antidepressants alone reminds me of the saying, “when the only tool you have is a hammer, everything begins to look like a nail.” In my mind’s eye, I see this multitude getting antidepressants inappropriately for an assortment of ailments, from metabolic to allergic, as their shrinks scold them for not recovering from their alleged imbalances in brain chemistry because they mustn’t be taking their medications..

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  4. Well done on this work, Robert.

    Will be interested to see how the debate plays out in terms of how much of it makes the news, what the content of any rebuttal is, and if it starts to affect policy.

    I hope the point will be made by some of the other panelists such as Timimi that the lack of valid diagnoses for use in prescribing these drugs is another serious, perhaps unfixable problem.

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    • And, almost NEVER does any psych patient get even simple blood tests, just to check on blood levels of the drugs they ARE taking…. How do the Docs know what dose does what, or if it’s “working” or not, in the absence of even BASIC BLOOD TESTS….????….
      I went TOXIC on Trazodone, because the CMHC never even took a blood level….
      And I had a history of alcoholism, and (mild) liver damage, which was an absolute indication to test…. But they never did, and I went toxic, and was hospitalized 2 weeks…. That happens to others far more often than the psychs will admit….

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    • Robert, another point to consider is that it is not so simple as “Same Prevalence plus More Treatment” (equals more people “Disabled”). Additional factors that come to mind as driving rising disability in advanced economies include the following: 1) Western economies are increasingly being destabilized by the rise of automated/robot workers, 2) increasing offshoring of jobs from developed to developing nations, 3) increasing cutting of healthcare/retirement benefits in other parts of the economy, and 4) the gradually rising cost of fossil fuels (also can be understood as decreasing energetic return per unit of investment in fossil fuels/i.e lower EROEI). All of these factors are undercutting the ability of companies and governments to provide a true living wage, while driving global debt higher and higher.

      These factors together have made it harder to get and keep a good job. In a sense they have shoved vulnerable people in developed nations into disability programs, since it’s easier to survive on these programs than via paid work, which is harder and harder to find especially when one is suffering emotionally.

      I would even speculate whether these macroeconomic factors together are more important in the rise of disability rates than the increasing use of antidepressants. I don’t know that, but wouldn’t be surprised if it were true. On the other hand, my opinion of antidepressants based on reading Kirsch, Breggin, Moncrieff and others is still very low, and I’m pretty confident they contribute to rising disability too, given all their physical and psychological negative effects.

      Some good websites to check out that cover these economic factors would be:

      http://www.peakprosperity.com/crashcourse

      http://www.oftwominds.com/blog.html

      http://www.zerohedge.com

      http://www.ourfiniteworld.com

      Among others…

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      • Your arguments here are valid, and have some merit, “BPDTransformation, B.A.”….
        **BUT**, it isn’t only “antidepressants”…. Today, the SSRI’s and SNRI’s have largely replaced the older “tricyclics” such as imipramine. Regardless, it’s psych drugs of ALL KINDS that are driving up disability rates. And, you’re forgetting a crucial, VITAL factor which is keeping disability rates artificially LOW. That would be the medical community’s IATROGENIC DEATH RATE….. There would be more people living on disability, if modern medicine wasn’t KILLING them so fast….. Any of several reputable sources present various statistics, but *100,000* PER YEAR DEAD is a good average. It’s called PSYCHIATRIC.DRUG.GENOCIDE/………..
        (c)2016, Tom Clancy, Jr., *NON-fiction

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      • I agree with what you say. However, I think the research studied controls for that effectively, because it’s randomly selecting people from the whole population, all of whom are affected by the variables you mention. Those variable would explain a GENERAL rise in disability rates, but the one study directly compares disability rates after receiving “treatment” and finds clearly that that variable alone leads to a fairly dramatic increase. Also, the bipolar conversion rates, especially for kids, are quite dramatic, and further support that the increase we see in disability rates is likely due to adverse reactions to the drugs rather than or in addition to other social factors.

        — Steve

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        • Hi Steve,

          At Westminster today:
          MP Paul Flynn (81) referred to the ‘lack of depression’ when he was young – and a few people commented on this.

          At that time 500,000 British people were not disabled with depression – as they are today (I think the point was valid).

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          • Yeah a guy from the audience (from Lancet psychiatry?) pointed out such conditions were around then too. This research found people in war-torn countries were 6% more likely to have depression http://www.science20.com/news_articles/no_surprise_world_war_ii_had_consequences_physical_mental_health-128060

            But I think Flynn’s point was that war-time folk didn’t expect to be happy and so weren’t medicalised, as he fears might happen to his grandkids. But then again someone pointed out that e.g. combat veterans were very much being medicalised including at the temporarily-relocated Maudsley. In fact ‘treated’ with all kinds of horrendous ‘physical methods’ as I recall, including by the evangelical William Sargant & his ally Eliot Slater (who had worked at the Munich Institute of Psychiatry until the late 1930s under proto-Nazi Ernst Rudin and approved of their psychiatric eugenic theories if not their methods!)

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        • Steve, perhaps I’m misunderstanding your comment, but I don’t understand how the research could control for macroeconomic changes in different time periods. People only live once / outcomes only get measured once at a particular given time… and thus the confounding factors of different economic environments at different times cannot be totally controlled for, is my opinion.

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          • Steve, here is a favorite quote of mine from Smedslund’s essay, “Why Psychology Cannot Be an Empirical Science”. I believe it is relevant to the research Whitaker reports, and means one should be cautious about interpreting causal variables within that research:

            “The main conclusion to be drawn from irreversibility is that empirical research in psychology… can only be seen as mapping temporarily stable statistical tendencies at the aggregate level. These mappings must be evaluated on pragmatic grounds, i.e. as yielding possibly useful knowledge in limited domains for a limited time…The regularity that is nevertheless observed cannot be taken to reflect permanent laws, but only temporarily stable feedback-loops. These are like whirls in a stream which are stable only as long as the total flow of water does not vary and the stones on the bottom maintain their positions… The findings in psychological journals may superficially appear to be of the same order as those reported in physics or chemistry and, hence, psychology may superficially look like an empirical and accumulative science. The conditional and transient nature of psychological findings is rarely acknowledged, perhaps because the publication and preservation of empirical findings will then appear unjustified since they cannot be taken to be useful in the future. The scarcity of attempted replications also allows psychologists to avoid thinking about this problem.”

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  5. Kudos, good luck, and thank you, Robert, and Luke Montagu, and James Davies. And I agree James’ book is a good ‘critical psychiatry’ one, and the only ‘critical psychiatry’ book I’ve ever found in a big box book store in the US, ever. And I am grateful for Luke’s connections, which helped to make this presentation to Parliament possible. Despite my American belief, that all people are created equal, and political connections are not what should be required to bring truth to light, especially in the so called sciences. Nonetheless, I’m grateful to you all, and best of luck, Robert.

    I do have faith that if you, Robert, can convince the English of the adverse effects of the psychiatric drugs, the American politicians will eventually also see the light.

    And, as I’ve been pointing out ad nausium here, to seemingly little avail. I do think it’s important to point out that it is medically known that treating the adverse effects of the antidepressants, with the antipsychotics, is already medically known to be bad medical advice. Despite this being the current “gold standard” treatment recommendations for “bipolar,” at least in the US:

    http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/basics/treatment/con-20027544

    Since combining the antidepressants and antipsychotics is already medically known to create “psychosis,” via anticholinergic toxidrome.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxidrome

    And this is frequently misdiagnosed, in part since sometimes, especially in young and formerly healthy patients, patients only suffer from the central symptoms of anticholinergic intoxication syndrome, which according to drugs.com are:

    “Central symptoms may include memory loss, disorientation, incoherence, hallucinations, psychosis, delirium, hyperactivity, twitching or jerking movements, stereotypy, and seizures.”

    And these symptoms look exactly like the “common symptoms of schizophrenia” to the 15 minute med check psychiatrists of today.

    I do hope you keep us posted with how the debate goes. Best wishes, and thank you.

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  6. I consider my case of bipolar I to be unusual in that I don’t have mood swings. Seems contrary to the definition of bipolar. I did take Prozac for a year, due to complaining to a psychiatrist about insomnia, who diagnosed with with unipolar depression. I experienced the “poop-out” and quit after a year — I could tell it lost it’s effectiveness over time. Then I went a year without anything and was in good spirits. I attributed this to attending some personal growth seminars, which some people claim to cause mental problems also. I considered the seminars to be a natural anti depressant. Then I got married and stresses plus my trigger caused a first full blown manic episode. I blamed the seminars for a while. Then I just figured I must have been prone to developing bipolar all along, and that the depression diagnosis was a mis-diagnosis. But this data makes me wonder now if the Prozac may have been a factor in my becoming full blown manic. I have been full blown manic now three times, but in all three cases the same trigger caused the episode, so I just avoid that trigger and I haven’t had an episode since, which has been five years. I consider myself permanently slightly depressed, with no mood swings. Yet the diagnosis of bipolar I sticks with you forever. I am experiencing withdrawal symptoms from Abilify as we speak, my final psych drug. I will be med free from here on. Hopefully there will be some healing in my brain, and if the “permanently depressed” is a result of the psych drugs, that would be unfortunate, but again, perhaps healing is possible even from that. I wonder if there are other cases like mine from previous Prozac users who have become an odd case of bipolar in that they don’t have mood swings?

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    • So-called “bipolar disorder” is an imaginary “disease”. It’s exactly as real as a present from Santa Claus. Who knows what that Jolly Old Elf is working on, in his workshop up there at the North Pole? I’m pointing out some scientific TRUTH, not making fun of you. I’m being 100% dead serious. The LIE about “depression” being caused by a “chemical imbalance” of the neurotransmitter serotonin, is 100% PR, and marketing hype. There is NO legitimate SCIENTIFIC evidence that either “depression”, or “mania” is caused by that imaginary “chemical imbalance”. Every time you go to sleep, your brain creates a natural narcotic, but that doesn’t make you an opiate, or Heroin addict. Isn’t “unipolar depression” simply “depression”? Is it “bipolar”, or “unipolar”? I’m saying your psychiatrist is engaged in an intricate word game with you. To sell you drugs. Because that’s what shrinks do. They sell drugs for the pharmaceutical industry. I’m not trying to diminish your distress, or negate your experience. Your “mental illness” has no objective reality. It only has subjective reality, the same as presents from Santa Claus. Please visit >beyondmeds.com<, and Dr. Kelly Brogan's site, for more information than I can go into here…. I wish you success in your efforts to taper off the Abilify. You might be surprised to learn that Abilify earns well over $1BILLION per year for Otsuka Pharm., and that Otsuka pays Docs. literally $100,000.'s per year in kickbacks. But they're euphemized as "consultancy fees"…. Yes, your brain and mind, and body CAN HEAL, RECOVER, and get BETTER than EVER. But YOU have to do the work! I believe you CAN!. You'll find lots of other supporting folks here on MiA. Welcome.

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      • Supporting folks on MIA ??? you are too far away and real support requires real $$$.
        This article of Roberts was written a year ago in 2016 and many others had questioned the use of these meds earlier BUT NOTHING HAPPENS FAST or effectively enough for those of us whom’s brain cells are atrifying……I even had read about how bad they were before I took my first pill but I was desperate enough I thought I would only be on them for a short time. ‘The cycle that captures’ and ensures huge profits for the drug companies is to increase the dose ‘until it works’ but by the time you realise it is not and will never work it’s too late. your body is addicted to something it does not want or need.
        I’m MAD/completely batshit crazy in Australia.
        Actually I’m not mad Im just addicted to first Effexor and now Pristiq. Tapering off only gets me so far then I give in.Going cold turkey made me lose the plot completely. I have to work to eat/live we all do. A part of me would love to curl up on the couch with a disability payment, get fat and eventually overdose on something quick and effective.I have been ‘hoping’ my depression would improve for 35 years.
        I constantly ask myself “Why bother”?. Am I going to live long enough to see the big Pharmas pay for the damage they have caused world wide the same way Hardy’s did? or get real physical assistance to get my creativity my passion for life back I doubt it!

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    • jimg, I had the common symptoms of antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, resulting from being abruptly taken off the “safe smoking cessation med,” Wellbutrin, misdiagnosed as “bipolar.” So, yes, there are lots of us here who don’t have mood swings, but instead had the adverse effects of the antidepressants misdiagnosed as “bipolar.”

      And if you find a respectable new doctor, and politely point out that claiming a person who does not suffer from mania and depression is “bipolar” is defamation of character, it is possible in time to get that misdiagnosis off your medical records.

      Since you’re weaning off your last antipsychotic, you should be forewarned that you may end up suffering from a drug withdrawal induced super sensitivity manic psychosis, and this can occur six months or even two years after you’ve stopped taking the drugs. And the medical community will claim this is a “return of your illness,” rather than a withdrawal symptom of the antipsychotics, if you end up hospitalized. Just want to give you a heads up, so you may educate your family, so they may help you in the event you do end up with a drug withdrawal induced manic psychosis.

      But, the good news is you can heal if you keep away from the medical community for awhile.

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  7. I found that natural systems are the best when it comes to depression. I suffered from it a long time,
    and tried all kinds of remedies. I didn’t like the drugs much, since they sometimes made it worse. For anyone suffering from depression, I recommend something that has helped me a lot. It is James Gordon’s system at http://lookingupstuff.com/mentalhealth/2015/02/06/how-to-destroy-depression/
    He is a former depression sufferer, and teaches a totally natural 7 step process which relieves depression from your life.

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  8. This is awesome news! It sounds like a real debate, not the kind of “investigations” we get in the US congress where they only invite those who preach the party line. I find it encouraging to know that this kind of honest examination of data is going on at such a high level of government. I hope there is a plan to get this story to the media, especially if the committee recommends action to reduce long-term antidepressant prescriptions. It is a very exciting prospect!

    —- Steve

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    • I was there Steve.

      The evidence is fairly clear cut that that ‘normal’ people in the UK resorting to ‘medications’ are becoming psychiatric.

      About 10% of adults in the UK are now dependant on ‘antidepressants’.

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      • Sounds like the UK is “catching up” with us, sadly. But perhaps it’s been caught a little sooner – it certainly sounds like the question of whether this is working or not is much more “askable” in the UK than it is over here.

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  9. I was there too! There was a very powerful set of presentations, and it was an important and encouraging event which, I hope, reached the ears of people who have power to bring about some real change. I understand that a video will be available via the Council for Evidence-based Psychiatry at some point. In the meantime, you can get a flavour from my live tweeting at @ClinpsychLucy. Lucy Johnstone

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    • Interesting the route this needed to take to make it to “high places”. Luc Montague’s connections were central to having this issue go to a “work group” in Parliament. If he had simply been an “ordinary” casualty of toxic psychiatric drug prescribing, his story would have disappeared without a ripple.
      My question is if indeed the mandate for CEPUK is to shine a light on the harms caused by psychiatric treatments, why there is nothing written about the harms of ECT and the total lack of an “evidence base” for its “use”. The only reference we see is in the video by Mary Maddock who speaks about her horrific experience with both ECT and psych drugging.
      My email inquiring about this big deafening silence on the topic of ECT- no statements by the high profile docs making comments about the problems with the drugs- was given the response that “we are limited in finances and resources and personnel” seems ridiculous. How long would it take to post a 3 minute video by one of the expert psychiatrists or current articles by Bentall and Read or others on this site?
      If this is the council for EVidence based psychiatry why is it not stating the evidence shows ECT is torture and causes brain damage?
      So, a bit off topic, but just really wondering if anyone has an answer for this one.
      The scary part is that the state created by the toxic drugging, horrific withdrawals, iatrogenic insanity, supposed “treatment resistance” as outcomes of the drugging invariably leads to “ECT as a ‘last resort'”. So, the two become enmeshed.
      I look forward to seeing the video on this discussion/debate on antidepressants and disability.
      This is so obvious to me as I taught for 31 years without a break, only to end up on disability after receiving “antidepressants” for situational anxiety and insomnia that spiralled into a bad reaction and poly toxic poisoning. And there was ECT brain injury waiting In the wings to ensure the disability was truly permanent.

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      • “truth”, I have a partial answer for you, as regards Electro-Cution Torture(“ECT”). Obviously, I don’t, and can’t, speak for CEPUK. As regards ECT, *sometimes*, it *seems* to “work” well, for *some* people. Usually, there’s a large, wealthy, dysfunctional family. “Aunty Betty”, or whoever, gets a little troublesome, or another Family member wants to steal the inheritance. Whatever. “Aunty Betty” gets taken to a shrink, dosed with tranquilizing drugs, gets some ECT, and VOILA!, Aunty Betty is now a smiling, drooling, compliant puppy-dog. She’s too brain-fried to resist, or make a fuss. You can take her out shopping, or for coffee. The rest of the time, she sits at home and drools. Sometimes, she *seems* to do OK on Social Security Disability. Families such as I’m describing here are usually active NAMI families. That’s the sad REALITY. Drug zombies, and ECT victims are sometimes the desired outcome. Sick, huh?….

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  10. Robert,
    I want to get your thoughts.
    Often when applying for disability, people seek psychiatric medication because it substantiates the severity of their suffering. While these medications might in fact create more disability, there is also the possibility that people go on these medications to help promote a disability claim. The correspondence between disability and psychiatric medications (could in part) relate to this pattern. Also, if people are anxious about having their disability end, people will stay on medication (to emphasize that they are still disabled) and they will not show improvement. It will look like medications are not helping and leading to long-term disability, but the desire to retain disability is fostering the kinds of outcome data between psychiatric medication and disability reported in your article.

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    • Yes, Craig, the scenario you’re positing DOES occur, but it would be very difficult to tease out the specific numbers or cases. And, that begs a larger question of how it’s so easy to FOOL the doctors and other clinicians. But, anybody who *wants* to live on disability has a few screws loose anyway. I don’t want to live on disability, but I see no other viable option. I have been made unemployable. But remember, under the American ADA, a person is disabled if others consider them to be disabled. Therefore, disability really IS in the eye (and mind) of the beholder…. What a sick and twisted system you “doctors” and “businessmen” have created….

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    • Hi Craig,

      SSRI consumers are usually high achievers and not interested in a disability lifestyle; and when they mention their frightening ssri symptoms I believe them. I think the false ssri disability percentage is likely to be small.

      People who want to claim false disability are more likely to go for “stronger” drugs and to talk up their case in proportion.

      But there might be another anomaly – that being that the UK Medical culture might be over eager to promote Mental Health disability.

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      • Hi Bradford/Craig,

        I would say that at least 50 percent of UK Mental Health Spending is due to White Collar Fraud anyway.

        Most of the mentally disabled people I know are disabled due to ‘poor expectation’ bad advice; and ‘over medication’ bad treatment.

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  11. I trust there are many here who know the solution to providing successful depression treatment sans the use of antidepressants. No doubt they wish to share this with those of us who have long suffered from depression and find that antidepressants with adjunctive medications offer little relief. Please let us know which modalities will be systemically delivered given the existing funding structure sans antidepressents. To do less is the stuff of symposia, conferences, colloquia, forums, task forces and the like which have led many to believe that my peers and I fail to achieve favorable outcomes in a system which has long afforded us us every resource and opportunity to achieve the best of outcomes.

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